Revolutions
Vocabulary:
Beliefs- a belief that people deserve to have power and rights, and that they can struggle against a leader
Bourgeoisie- the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Cash Crop- a crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal
Caudillo- in post-revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite
Conditions- Conditions in society that would anger people
Constitution- a system of established principles under which a government operates
Creole- a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently
Deism- an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law
Democracy- a government for the people. People or representatives they elect, have power in the government
Encomienda- a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers
Enlightenment- philosophical movement characterized by the belief in human reason and individual freedoms
Laissez-faire- the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy along
Mestizo- a person of mixed European and Native American descent
Mulatto- a person of mixed African and European descent
Peninsulare- a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe
Revolution- an overthrow of an established government or political system
Rococo- an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action
Salons- the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophies
Scientific Revolution-The scientific revolution is a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. The scientific revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment.
Separation of powers- a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances.
Social contract- the concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community
Status Quo- the current state of affair
Trigger- an opportunity to struggle against a leader, or a triggering event that causes tensions to erupt
Uprising- the act of rising up against a force
American Revolution
* The Americans were fighting against the British.
* The American's were fighting for freedom from Britain.
* The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Continental Congress meeting at Philadelphia, Pennsylvaniaon July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they formed a new nation—theUnited States of America.
French Revolution
Estates- There are 3 estates in France. (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) Social classes; First estate was made up of clergy (rich people), Second estate was made up of nobility (rich people), Third estate was up of commoners (poor people)
Marie Antoinette-
* Queen of France, was married to King Louis XVI
* She was from Austria NOT France
* she was known for being vivacious, outgoing and bold, a social butterfly who loved gambling, partying and extravagant fashions.
King Louis XVI-
* King of France
Great Fear- was a general panic that occurred between July 17-Aug. 3 of 1789 at the start of the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre- the architect of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, is overthrown and arrested by the National Convention. As the leading member of the Committee of Public Safety from 1793, he encouraged the execution, mostly by guillotine, of more than 17,000 enemies of the Revolution.
Reign of Terror- Sept. 5, 1793-July 28, 1794, was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte- was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution. He was exiled to the island Elba in the Mediterranean.
Napoleon Code- 1804; a set of clear laws, applicable to all members of French Society. The code was also introduced into other parts of Europe conquered by Napoleon, like Italy, Spain, and some parts of Germany.
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Deaths
* On October 6 1789, a crowd estimated at 10,000 gathered outside the Palace of Versailles and demanded that the king and queen be brought to Paris
* In January 1793, the radical new republic placed King Louis XVI on trial, convicted him of treason and condemned him to death. On January 21, 1793, he was dragged to the guillotine and executed.
* In October of that year, Marie Antoinette was put on trial for treason and theft, as well as a false and disturbing charge of sexual abuse against her own son. After the two-day trial, an all-male jury found Marie Antoinette guilty on all charges.
* Marie Antoinette was sent to the guillotine, as her husband had been several months before, on October 16, 1793.